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نـــورتـني

Good Morning everybody, now I will start on the first topic


Learning
• Habituation

• Operant conditioning

• Classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning (CC)




• Learning by association.


• John Watson (the first behaviourist) tried to explain how virtually all human behaviour is acquired by classical conditioning.


• CC explains how animals learn to associate new stimuli with innate bodily reflexes.

Ivan Pavlov(1849 - 1936)




• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in a village in central Russia.

• His family hoped that he would become a priest, and he went to a theological seminary.

• In 1870 he abandoned his theological studies to enter the University of St. Petersburg, where he studied chemistry and physiology. He studied physiology in Germany from 1884 to 1886.

• Ref: Gurus - http://www.mwls.co.uk/gurus.htm

Classical Conditioning (CC)

Basic principles


• Acquisition

• Extinction

• Spontaneous recovery

• Stimulus generalisation

• Stimulus discrimination

• Higher order conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioural responses.


First investigated by Thorndike using cats, chickens and puzzle boxes later Skinner.


Thorndike investigated the performance of cats placed in 'puzzle boxes'.
These consisted of boxes with one side made of slats through which the cats could see some fish placed outside.


The slatted wall had a door in it which could be opened by operating a lever within the box, such as a treadle on the floor.


Thorndike recorded how long it took for the cat to escape from the box and get at the food.

Thorndike (1911).

Edward Lee Thorndike


• He went to graduate school at Harvard, studying under psychologist William James.


• While at Harvard, Thorndike surprised James by doing research with chickens and pioneering what later became known as "animal psychology“



• Ref:The Leipzig Connection:Sabotage of the US Educational System by Paolo Lionni


• To Thorndike “Psychology was the science of the intellect, character, and behaviour of animals, including man.”



• Thorndike applied for a fellowship at Columbia and moved with his two most intelligent chickens to New York, where he continued his research.

Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner (1904 - 1990)



• Burrhus Frederic Skinner majored in literature at Hamilton College in New York.


• He worked in the lab of an experimental biologist, however, and developed behavioural studies of rats.


• He loved building Rube Goldberg contraptions as a child; he put that skill to use by designing boxes to automatically reward behaviour, such as depressing a lever, pushing a button, and so on.


• His devices were such an improvement on the existing equipment, they've come to be known as Skinner boxes.



• Ref:A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: BF Skinner

Burrhus Frederic (B.F.)
Skinner


• With pigeons and rats, he developed the ideas of "operant conditioning" and "shaping behaviour.“Operant conditioning is the rewarding of a partial behaviour or a random act that approaches the desired behaviour.



• Operant conditioning can be used to shape behaviour.


• If the goal is to have a pigeon turn in a circle to the left, a reward is given for any small movement to the left. Soon, the reward is given for larger movements to the left, and so on.


• Skinner developed teaching machines so students could learn self- paced by uncovering answers for an immediate "reward."



• The US has trained pigeons to guide missiles & crickets to detect enemy troops.


• Refs:http://www.it.bton.ac.uk/staff/rng/t.../Learning.html