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Nafsany school for Psychologyمدرسة نفساني لعلم النفس
مرحبااا بكل الموجودين
هذا اول درس وعنوانه Introduction to Psychology1 يتكلم عن ما هو علم النفس؟, من أين تأتي علم النفس؟ و الفروع الرئيسية لعلم النفس وبلنهايه قصه قصييرة وعليها سؤال واجابته مفتوحه ..يعني ما فيه اجابه صح او غلط ... اتمنى يكون درس سهل سلاام |
ااووه ما رضي يحمل الملف ... "-What is Psychology SG 09.pptx: غير قادر على نقل/نسخ الملف " احتاج مساعده من ادارة الموقع... بسررعه برسل الملف للاداره ...ياا رب يتحمل يلاا بشوفكم لمى ترد الاداره عندكم اجازه مفتوحه من اولها ههههههه سلامي لاحلى اعضاء هبه |
اول درس
السلام عليكم ...صباح الحب والحنان و رضى الرحمـن
قرارت اكتب الدرس هنا بدون صور و لا animations طبعا بكون شويه احلى و , مشوّق و ممتع مع الصور بس بيمشي الحال بدونهم..يلا نبدأ .... ...................... Aims *Introduce theoretical concepts and research issues in the fields of learning, perception, memory and social psychology. *Encourage you to consider how key theoretical concepts can shed light on contemporary issues *Develop critical thinking skills ............ The Major branches of Psychology Psychobiology/Biological psychology Psychophysiology Neuropsychology Comparative psychology Ethology Sociobiology Behavioural genetics Cognitive psychology Cognitive neuroscience Developmental psychology Social psychology Positive psychology Individual differences Cross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology Forensic and criminological psychology Clinical psychology Health psychology Educational psychology Consumer psychology Organisational or occupational Psychology Ergonomics Sports and exercise psychology .................................................. . Where did Psychology come from? 3 Main areas:- Philosophy (Socrates,Plato etc.). Biology (Evolution, Physiology). Physics(Scientific method, psychophysics). ...................................... Now you can have a short break guys , Enjoy Nafsay .....brb.. |
I hope that you enjoyed your break!.....let’s start again
..... What is psychology? – The word psychology comes from two Greek roots - 'psyche' means 'mind' and 'logos' meaning 'study of'. – Many definitions - "The scientific study of behavior and mental processes" (Atkinson 1971). – The ultimate goals of research in psychology are to understand, predict and change human behaviour: to explain why people do what they do. Is psychology potentially dangerous or controversial?? I will be waiting for your views |
Is psychology more than common sense
Conant (1951) Common sense is a series of concepts and conceptual schemes satisfactory for the practical uses of humanity Humans fall foul of heuristical biases and lack understanding of base rates Psychology is systematic and controlled – Formulating a research question and observing phenomena – Control of variables Exhaustive not selective – Consider alternatives and ‘null hypothesis’ |
Basic aim of science is theory
Purpose: – Explain – Predict Rely on certain assumptions: – Patterns (e.g. of behaviour) – Consistency Across people (theory explains/predicts behaviour in more than one individual) Within people (theory explains/predicts more than one behaviour a person exhibits; links between a person’s behaviour and other characteristics, eg, psychological, social, medical, background). – Differentiation (e.g. different factors for different behaviour) Across people Within people |
Five major perspectives
– Biological - (Roger Sperry). Genetic, physiological and evolutionary explanations for human behaviour . – Psychoanalytic- (Sigmund Freud). Psychology should study unconscious mind which influences behaviour. – Behaviourist - (John Watson). Psychology should only study observable behaviour. Focus on learning and empiricism . Behaviour follows its consequences. – Cognitive - (Jerome Bruner). Information processing approach to thought and memory. – Humanistic - (Carl Rogers). Less scientific approach with focus on each person's conscious experience and their own aims in life. |
Consider:
John (aged 30 years) John is single with no siblings and he lives with his mother (John's father died when John was 5). John is a successful office worker and he was promoted to manager in a drug wholesalers in August 2008. He has lots of male and female friends and is very popular. John enjoys several music styles and he is a keen fan of The Red Hot Chili Peppers . He supports Everton FC, likes Italian food and his favourite films include ‘Matrix' and ‘Casablanca’. He reads "The Mirror" and enjoys 'surfing' the Internet. Last year, he went to Ibiza for his Summer holiday with some friends. Since the New Year 2009, John has become increasingly quiet and withdrawn. He seems to spend more time online and less time with his friends. He has started to forget things. He forgot his mother's 70th birthday and she was very upset . John met a woman in a night club who he liked very much . He set up a date to meet but he had forgot that he had a very important business appointment, in London, on the very same day. Please write ONE reason why John’s behaviour may have changed ????????? |
Now I think I have covered the first lesson, I hope that all the members of Nafsany enjoyed it and found it useful.... if you have any questions plz contact me and I will try to do my best to answer it !.
Recommended reading: A book called Psychology by G Neil Martin, Neil R Carlson and William Buskist Thank you for your time Hibba |
اقتباس:
* إدخال المفاهيم النظرية والقضايا البحثية في مجالات التعلم والإدراك ، والذاكرة ، وعلم النفس الاجتماعي. * تشجيع لك أن تنظر في المفاهيم النظرية الرئيسية كيف يمكن تسليط الضوء على القضايا المعاصرة * تطوير مهارات التفكير النقدي ............ الفروع الرئيسية لعلم النفس علم النفس / علم النفس البيولوجي علم النفس الفسيولوجي العصبي علم النفس المقارن إكساب [سسوبيولوج] علم الوراثة السلوكي علم النفس المعرفي علم الأعصاب الإدراكي علم النفس التنموي علم النفس الاجتماعي علم النفس الإيجابي الفروق الفردية علم النفس عبر الثقافي علم النفس الثقافي الطب الشرعي وعلم الجريمة وعلم النفس علم النفس الإكلينيكي صحة نفسية علم النفس التربوي المستهلك علم النفس علم النفس التنظيمي أو المهنية شغال ممارسة الرياضة ، وعلم النفس .................................................. . من أين تأتي من النفس؟ 3 مجالات رئيسية هي : -- فلسفة (سقراط وأفلاطون الخ). علم الأحياء (تطور ، علم وظائف الأعضاء). الفيزياء (الاسلوب العلمي ، وعلم النفس البدني). ...................................... |
اقتباس:
..... ما هو علم النفس؟ -- وعلم النفس كلمة تأتي من اثنين من الجذور اليونانية -- 'نفسية' تعني 'عقل' و 'الشعارات' معنى 'دراسة'. -- تعاريف كثيرة -- "إن الدراسة العلمية للسلوك والعمليات العقلية" (أتكينسون 1971). -- إن الغايات النهائية للبحوث في علم النفس هي لفهم والتنبؤ بها وتغيير السلوكيات البشرية : ليشرح لماذا الناس يفعلون ما يفعلونه. علم النفس هو يحتمل أن تكون خطرة أو مثيرة للجدل؟ سأكون في انتظار وجهات نظركم |
الله يخلي المترجم العم جوجل ,,,
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الفضل لله ثم للأخ الفاضل قوقل تمت الترجمة!!
أخيتي الأميرة..كم لنا من الوقت قبل بداية الدرس الجديد؟ |
اقتباس:
تــسلميلي يا احلى ام عبد الله ..بارك الله فيك... |
اقتباس:
انا ما مسؤله عن اخطاء جوجل ! |
اقتباس:
والله يخليلنا ام عبد الله |
اقتباس:
اهلا وسهلا غاليتي...انا بحطهم كل يوم الاثنين بعد الظهر.... عندك اي اجابات على الاسئله او اي سؤال لي عن الدرس؟ اسعدني تواجدك :) |
فين الباقين ؟
I am very disappointed :( |
الله يعطيك العافيه
تذكررررررررررررررررت الدراسه الله لايعيدها |
Salam everybody
Next Monday I am going to put a lesson from your choice, I have 3 topics ready for you 1: Learning 2: Memory 3: Perception Please choose the topic that you want me to put it first. Also I want to let you know that there is more than one part for each topic. To be honest with you, my favourite topic is perception but I think it’s good to start with learning. Thank you for your time Best regards Hibba |
اقتباس:
الله يعافيك حياتي انتي ان شاء الله تكوني استفدتي! نـــورتـني |
Good Morning everybody, now I will start on the first topic
Learning • Habituation • Operant conditioning • Classical conditioning |
Classical Conditioning (CC)
• Learning by association. • John Watson (the first behaviourist) tried to explain how virtually all human behaviour is acquired by classical conditioning. • CC explains how animals learn to associate new stimuli with innate bodily reflexes. |
Ivan Pavlov(1849 - 1936)
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in a village in central Russia. • His family hoped that he would become a priest, and he went to a theological seminary. • In 1870 he abandoned his theological studies to enter the University of St. Petersburg, where he studied chemistry and physiology. He studied physiology in Germany from 1884 to 1886. • Ref: Gurus - http://www.mwls.co.uk/gurus.htm |
• In the 1890’s, Pavlov was researching the digestive process in dogs, especially the interaction between salivation and the action of the stomach. Refs- http://www.hooligansfootball.homeste...Theorists.html
• Pavlov wanted to see if external stimuli could affect this process, so he rang a metronome the same time he gave the experimental dogs food. After a while, the dogs -- which before only salivated when they saw and ate their food -- would begin to salivate when the metronome sounded even if no food were present. |
Classical Conditioning (CC)
Basic principles • Acquisition • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery • Stimulus generalisation • Stimulus discrimination • Higher order conditioning |
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavioural responses. First investigated by Thorndike using cats, chickens and puzzle boxes later Skinner. Thorndike investigated the performance of cats placed in 'puzzle boxes'. These consisted of boxes with one side made of slats through which the cats could see some fish placed outside. The slatted wall had a door in it which could be opened by operating a lever within the box, such as a treadle on the floor. Thorndike recorded how long it took for the cat to escape from the box and get at the food. Thorndike (1911). |
Edward Lee Thorndike
• He went to graduate school at Harvard, studying under psychologist William James. • While at Harvard, Thorndike surprised James by doing research with chickens and pioneering what later became known as "animal psychology“ • Ref:The Leipzig Connection:Sabotage of the US Educational System by Paolo Lionni • To Thorndike “Psychology was the science of the intellect, character, and behaviour of animals, including man.” • Thorndike applied for a fellowship at Columbia and moved with his two most intelligent chickens to New York, where he continued his research. |
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner (1904 - 1990)
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner majored in literature at Hamilton College in New York. • He worked in the lab of an experimental biologist, however, and developed behavioural studies of rats. • He loved building Rube Goldberg contraptions as a child; he put that skill to use by designing boxes to automatically reward behaviour, such as depressing a lever, pushing a button, and so on. • His devices were such an improvement on the existing equipment, they've come to be known as Skinner boxes. • Ref:A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: BF Skinner |
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.)
Skinner • With pigeons and rats, he developed the ideas of "operant conditioning" and "shaping behaviour.“Operant conditioning is the rewarding of a partial behaviour or a random act that approaches the desired behaviour. • Operant conditioning can be used to shape behaviour. • If the goal is to have a pigeon turn in a circle to the left, a reward is given for any small movement to the left. Soon, the reward is given for larger movements to the left, and so on. • Skinner developed teaching machines so students could learn self- paced by uncovering answers for an immediate "reward." • The US has trained pigeons to guide missiles & crickets to detect enemy troops. • Refs:http://www.it.bton.ac.uk/staff/rng/t.../Learning.html |
Museum of American History,
Washington, D.C. During World War II, Skinner (1942) trained pigeons to navigate bombs from aircraft so they would hit their targets more accurately. The control system involved a lens at the front of the missile projecting an image of the target to a screen inside, while a pigeon trained (by operant conditioning) to recognize the target pecked at it. As long as the pecks remained in the centre of the screen, the missile would fly straight, but pecks off-centre would cause the screen to tilt, which would then, via a connection to the missile's flight controls, cause the missile to change course. Three pigeons were to control the bomb's direction by majority rule. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia B. F. Skinner (1959). Cumulative Record. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts |
Burrhus Frederic (B.F.) Skinner
• He took a position at the University of Minnesota where he wrote The Behaviour of Organisms and began his novel Walden II, about a commune where behaviourist principles created a new kind of utopia. • A later work generated considerable controversy, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971). • In the book, Skinner argued that concepts of freedom and dignity may lead to self-destruction. • As professor of psychology at Indiana University, Bloomington (1945-48), Skinner gained some notoriety through his invention of the Air-Crib, a large, soundproof, germ-free, air-conditioned box designed to serve as a mechanical baby tender. |
Operant Conditioning Behaviour Shaping
• By reinforcing responses that increasingly resemble a desired end behaviour in a step by step manner, complex behaviours can be built up from simple units. • Using experimental equipment that he devised, Skinner trained laboratory animals to perform complex and sometimes quite exceptional actions. • A striking example was his pigeons that learned to play table tennis. |
Operant Conditioning Consequences
• Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by providing pleasant consequences (e.g. food). • Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response that removes or provides escape from unpleasant consequences (e.g. stopping an electric shock). • Punishment decreases the likelihood of a response being repeated if it is followed by inescapable consequences e.g. an electric shock. • Secondary reinforcers (e.g. money, tokens or parents) are those that are associated with naturally occurring primary reinforcers (e.g. food, water, warmth etc.) Can anyone give me examples of positive reinforcement? |
Operant Conditioning Schedules of reinforcement
• Continuous schedules reinforce every response made. • Partial schedules reinforce responses in varying frequencies to affect response and extinction rates. • Extinction- if the response is not reinforced, it will gradually die out. • Skinner found that animals would also make responses that resembled the originally reinforced response. |
I have given you some information about LEARNING, and I will continue it next Monday with learning part 2.....do you have any questions I hope that you found it useful and I am looking forward to see your comments Thank you for your time Best wishes Hibba |
ما احد مهتم!
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I have made an effort to do my best for everyone but nobody was interested, so I won’t put anything anymore.
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| الساعة الآن 02:51 PM |
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