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02-01-2006, 03:05 AM

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

This THEORY has developed out of the approach of LEARNING theory. LEARNING THEORY found that reinforcement and punishment could influence a child's behaviour.
Social LEARNING theorists have extended these ideas and emphasized observational LEARNING and imitation as well as reinforcement.

Studies:- .
1. Bandura & Walters (1963). One group of children watched a live or filmed adult who would knock down an inflated rubber doll called a Bobo doll. The other group watched a non -aggressive adult. The children’s behaviour was observed afterwards and those who had seen the model copied the aggressive acts.

2. Bandura Ross & Ross (1965). Here there were three groups of children. -Each saw the same film first and then group A saw the model rewarded for his aggression; group B saw him punished; and group C saw just the film. Groups A & C made the same number of aggressive acts. When rewards were offered to group B for copying the aggressive acts all three groups performed the same number of aggressive acts. Group B still learnt the behaviour but didn't perform it until rewarded.

These studies show that children learn by observing the behaviour of others i.e. through the process of modeling. Even without reinforcement children will still imitate.
Imitation =.copying of another's behaviour. We don’t copy everyone, however, but are more likely to copy those with whom we have a relationship and those we look up to.

Gender role and gender identity:- SOCIAL LEARNING theorists argue that these arise because children learn what each sex is supposed to do by imitation and are also rewarded for behaving in appropriate ways and punished for not.

Aggression:- Bandura (see previous studies) proposes that children imitate aggressive behaviour displayed by models and parents can act as models Aggressive behaviour in boys may also be reinforced (i.e. praised and allowed rather than discouraged.) as it is seen as appropriate behaviour for their sex.
Sears, Macoby & Levin conducted a large scale study of child-rearing patterns. They proposed a relationship between parental attitudes and the child's level of aggression. Highly permissive parents had highly aggressive children because they get their own. way by being aggressive (reinforced). Parents who physically punished aggression
had aggressive children because punishment increased frustration and led to more aggression. Restrictive but not very punitive parents had the least aggressive children.

المصدر: نفساني